Facility Layouts of Mcdonalds- India, Pizza Hut-India Dominos Pizza- India Essay Example

Facility Layouts of Mcdonalds- India, Pizza Hut-India Dominos Pizza- India Essay In order to maximizing the effectiveness of production processes and meeting employee needs desires Facility layout and design plays a key role in businesss overall operations. It entails in determining the placement off departments, work group within the departments, workstations, machines stock holding points within a production facility. DEFINITION: â€Å"The physical arrangement of everything needed for the product or service, including machines, personnel, raw materials, and finished goods. The criteria for a good layout necessarily relate to people (personnel and customers), materials (raw, finished, and in process), machines, and their interactions. â€Å"- Howard J. Weiss and Mark E. Gershon FACTORS IN DETERMINING LAYOUT DESIGN: There are many operational factors which need to consider while construction or renovation of a facility for maximum layout effectiveness. It includes: * Ease of future expansion or change: Facilities should be designed so that they can be easily expanded or adjusted to meet changing production needs. Flow of movement: The facility design should reflect recognition of the importance of smooth process flow. The flow need not be a straight line. Parallel flows, U-shaped patterns, or even a zig-zag that ends up with the finished product back at the shipping and receiving bays can be functional. However, backtracking is to be avoided in whatever pattern is chosen. * Materials handling: It is essential to ensure the facility layout makes possibl e to handle materials (products, equipment, containers, etc. ). We will write a custom essay sample on Facility Layouts of Mcdonalds- India, Pizza Hut-India Dominos Pizza- India specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Facility Layouts of Mcdonalds- India, Pizza Hut-India Dominos Pizza- India specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Facility Layouts of Mcdonalds- India, Pizza Hut-India Dominos Pizza- India specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It should be in an orderly, efficient—and preferably simple—manner. * Output needs: The facility should be laid out in a way that is conducive to helping the business meet its production needs. * Space utilization: This aspect of facility design includes everything from making sure that traffic lanes are wide enough to making certain that inventory storage warehouses or rooms utilize as much vertical space as possible. * Shipping and receiving: Some business organization leaves ample room for this aspect of operations. * Ease of communication and support: Facilities should be laid out so that communication within various areas of the business and interactions with vendors and customers can be done in an easy and effective manner. Similarly, support areas should be stationed in areas that help them to serve operating areas. * Impact on employee morale and job satisfaction: Since countless studies have indicated that employee morale has a major impact on productivity, therefore managers should pay attention to this factor. There are some ways layout design can increase morale are obvious, such as providing for light-colored walls, windows, space. Other ways are less obvious and not directly related to the production process like a cafeteria or even a gymnasium in the facility design. * Promotional value: Customers, vendors, investors, etc. , visits the offices often. It is necessary to make sure that the facility layout is an attractive one that further burnishes the companys reputation. Design factors that can influence the degree of attractiveness of a facility include not only the design of the production area itself, but the impact that it has on, for instance, ease of fulfilling maintenance/cleaning tasks. * Safety: The facility layout should enable the business to effectively operate in accordance with Occupational Safety and Health Association guidelines and other legal restrictions. FACILITY LAYOUT AT MCDONALDS ABOUT MCDONALDS: McDonalds Corporation is one of the worlds largest chains of hamburger fast food restaurants, serving nearly 58 million customers daily. It is worldwide renowned for the high degree of respect for the local customs and culture. It started as a drive-in-restaurant in the late 1940’s. In June 1967, McDonald’s opened its first restaurant outside U. S in Canada McDonald’s entered in India with joint venture project in 1996. McDonald’s has 160 restaurants across the country. For its supreme benchmarks established in the QSR sector McDonald’s India has been presented with many prestigious awards. FACILITY LAYOUT DESIGN: KITCHEN AREA VEG AREA NON-VEG AREA ENTRANCE FOR EMPLOYEES WASH-ROOM SERVICE COUNTER 4 SERVICE COUNTER 3 SERVICE COUNTER 2 SERVICE COUNTER 1 SERVICE COUNTER 5 REST – ROOM FOR EMPLOYEES BIRTH-DAY PARTY ZONE QUE SERVICE DINING AREA LCD TV QUICK PACKAGING COUNTER Customer entrance exists door Statute of Ronald OBSERVATION: The USP of McDonald’s is Quality, Service, Cleanliness Value for money. It mainly concentrates on providing customers high quality products, served quickly with a smile, in a clean and pleasant environment at an affordable price. The McDonalds philosophy of QSCV is the guiding force behind its service to the customers. Following are the key features of the layout which I observed. About Queuing system: McDonalds is a pioneered in establishing Queuing System in Indian Restaurant Industry. However; the one of the major advantage of the queuing system is; it saves time server can serve maximum number of customers quickly in minimum time. Customer has to wait approximately 30 seconds after placing the order. it is lowest time of waiting period. However it fulfills the priority rule of queuing system i. e. first come first serve base. About Kitchen Zone: As McDonalds is cultural sensible; it has given exceptionally importance to the kitchen zone. It has developed a menu especially for India with vegetarian selections to suit Indian tastes and preferences. Keeping in line with this, McDonalds does not offer any beef or pork items in India. In the last decade it has introduced some vegetarian and non-vegetarian products with local flavors that have appealed to the Indian palate. About Birth-day Party Zone: Since McDonalds attracts mainly to the kids (the age group of 5 – 17 years old); the concept of birthday party hall emerged. However; not only kids but also youngsters prefers to celebrate its birthday party in McDonalds as it costs very economical. It is important part of layout. Quick Package Zone: This zone is especially for the customers who are in hurry don’t have sufficient time to seat eat in the restaurant. Rather they don’t prefer because of various reasons may includes parking problems, rush in the dining area etc. Dining Zone: It is specious area where customers seat spend their time with each other while eating. Statute of Ronald: Statute of Ronald is attraction for the kids as well as visitors. According to me it’s a least important thing in the layout. FACILITY LAYOUT OF DOMINOS PIZZA ABOUT DOMINOS PIZZA: Dominos Pizza, Inc. is an international pizza delivery corporation headquartered in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States. It is the second-largest pizza chain in the United States. Jubilant FoodWorks Limited, a Jubilant Bhartia Group Company holds the Master Franchisee Rights for Dominos Pizza for India, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. Dominos Pizza opened its first store in India in January 1996, at New Delhi. Today Dominos Pizza India has grown into a countrywide network of more than 300 stores with a team of over 9,000 people. Like most corporate success stories, Dominos started out small with just one store in 1960. Now, Dominos Pizza is celebrating over forty years of delivering food, fun and innovation. Some interesting facts about the company: * 70 percent of its revenue comes from home delivery service around 30 percent is over-the-counter sales. * Indian operations are ranked number one for the past 3 years. * Delivers an average of 1 million pizzas per day * Over the last 2 years, they opened stores in 15 new cities * Establish a reputation for being a home delivery specialist capable of delivering pizzas within 30 minutes or else FREE to a community of loyal consumers from all our stores around the country EMPLOYEES ENTRANCE FACILITY LAYOUT DESIGN: KITCHEN AREA EMPLOYEE REST-ROOM WASH – ROOOM S CASH SERVICE COUNTER LCD TV W STORE – ROOM DINING AREA CUSTOMER ENTRANCE OBSERVATION: My observation about facility layout of Dominos Pizza is; * It is constantly strives to develop products that suit the tastes of consumers and hence give pleasure to them. * Dominos Pizza has a guarantee that customers would receive their pizzas within 30 minutes of ordering, or else they would receive the pizzas free. * The main feature of Dominos Pizza is to make Home-Delivery of pizza within 30 seconds therefore; there is no enough space to seat have a spare time while eating a pizza. Company follows multichannel, single phase line structure which involves the uneven service time given each customer which results in unequal speed or flow among the lines. therefore; customer prefer order a pizza through telephone rather than visit the store have it with their friends, colleagues or family. * Overall store layout seems to be congested including kitchen area they t herefore they don’t have a spate section for vegetarian non-vegetarian like McDonalds. Working at Dominos Kitchen Area: Facility Layout at Pizza Hut About Pizza Hut: Pizza Hut is the leading casual dining restaurant in India. Pizza Hut made its venture into India with a restaurant in Bangalore in June 1996. It was the first international restaurant chain to enter this category is pioneered of establishing the pizza market in India. Its great tasting pizzas and trademark dining experience have made it possible for the company to register a double-digit growth and scale up its presence to its current size. With a 27 per cent market share of the eating-out market and over 70,000 footfalls per day across the country, Pizza Hut is geared to provide diners with the ideal place to build memories and relationships over delicious food. Apart from the pizza it also serves with wide range of vegetarian and non-vegetarian appetizers, soups, salads, pastas, beverages and desserts. International products have been tested on levels of salt and spices to ensure they suit the Indian palate. In order to enhance menu pizza Hut keep evolving tastes and preferences of the Indian consumers. Another point to note is that world over; the toppings at Pizza Hut are mainly beef and pepperoni; but in India Pizza Hut are serving more variety in the toppings on the vegetarian side because 60% Indian population is vegetarian. Pizza Hut is one of the flagship brands of Yum! Brands, Inc. , which also has KFC, Taco Bell, AW and Long John Silvers under its umbrella. Pizza Hut is the worlds largest casual dining restaurant chain with over 13,000 restaurants across 97 countries and 143 stores across 34 cities in India. EMPLOYEE ENTRANCE FACILITY LAYOUT DESIGN: PARKING AREA WAITING AREA CUSTOMER ENTRANCE DINING AREA KITCHEN AREA WASH – ROOOM EMPLOYEE REST-ROOM CASH SERVICE COUNTEER LCD TV LCD TV BELL AREA OBSERVATION: My observation in Pizza Hut layout is as follows: Pizza Hut is split into several different restaurant formats like * The original family-style dine-in locations which is known as Red Roofs * Store front delivery and carry-out locations which is known as Delcos * Hybrid locations that offer carry-out, delivery, * Dine-in options which is known as RBDs or Restaurant Based Delivery units * Many full-size Pizza Hut locations offer lunch buffet, with all-you-can-eat pizza, salad, breadsticks, a nd a special pasta * The Dining area of the restaurant is specious therefore friends mainly family prefer to go Pizza hut. The restaurant doesn’t have queuing system. It follows multichannel, single phase line system. However; to avoid crowd at counter as well as in restaurant; one personnel of Pizza Hut stands outside direct the customers. It helps to serve customers better without hastily. * Layout of kitchen model is similar to Dominos Pizza’s Layout * Consumers don’t get angry though it takes lot of time to serve consumers. Because ambience maintained in the restaurant very well. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THESE THREE LAYOUTS THE EFFICIENT LAYOUT AMONG THESE THREE According to me; though the pattern of facility layout is same; design is differs from each other. All these three layouts have different strategies to serve the customers at its best. Differences between layouts of McDonalds India, Pizza Hut India Dominos Pizza, India are: * McDonalds follows queuing system because of which it serves more customers with less time * Dominos Pizza, India is best in Home Delivery of pizza within 30 minutes but it is not good when it comes to serves customers in the layout because of lack of space * Pizza Hut, India is follows multichannel single phase system. Though it takes lots of time to serve the customers; normally they doesn’t get annoyed because they generally visit the restaurant to spend their time with their friends, family etc. Talking about efficiency; according to me Dominos Pizza as well as McDonalds is the best at their place. Because; when customer arrives at any fast food restaurant; he expects to get his order at the earliest time as his main aim is to have the food exist. So, in case of McDonalds; they serve their customers at very less time i. e. within 30 seconds. They are more efficient in terms of satisfying their customers’ needs in lesser time. by this way they serve nearly 58 million customers regularly. also in case of Dominos Pizza, India; company serves much better in case of Home Delivery. Because they serves their customers within 30 minutes from the time of order placed. But in case of Pizza Hut; it is less efficient in terms of serving the customers though they have impressive facility design. But it doesn’t fulfill the main purpose of facility layout is to increase productivity process. therefore; customer mostly not prefer Pizza Hut in case of hurry.

Jack And The Beanstalk to Animal Farm †English

Jack And The Beanstalk to Animal Farm – English Free Online Research Papers Jack And The Beanstalk to Animal Farm English 1.Yes, our society does have entertaining ways to give young people important advice. There are many fairy tales in which we are told when we are younger that gives us very important advice. For example, the story of Jack and the Beanstalk teaches us not to squander our money on silly things. We then have many movies, TV shows, music, and books that have good morals in them. All we have to do is look for them. Like in Animal Farm, we learn that we should not try to dominate others because he ends up turning into the person/people that dominated over us. So, yes, our society does have entertaining ways to give young people important advice. 2.â€Å"The mind of man is of two kinds, pure and impure: impure when in the bondage of desire, pure when free from desire.† This quote is basically saying that we should not desire. We should just like what we have and not worry about achieving more. This way, we will be happy because we will have a pure mind. â€Å"All living creatures are led astray as soon as they are born, by the delusion that this relative world is real.† This quote is basically saying that we are not of this world. This world is just a stopping place, and soon, we will go to another world. This will continue until we have become enlightened, and find the true world. 3.On the most part, it is not alright to break our word. However, there are instances that it is for the best. Sometimes we have to break our word for the greater good. If someone is in danger, and you told a friend that you would be careful, it would be alright to break your word to help that person in danger. Or, if you promised a friend not to tell anyone a secret, but if you didn’t tell someone, your friend could get in trouble or injure themselves, it would be alright to break your word. It just really depends on the situation. 4.My favorite part of the â€Å"Bhagavad-Gita† is the quote â€Å"The tortoise can draw in his legs: The seer can draw in his senses. I call him illuminated.† I find it very interesting because I find that becoming illuminated is one of the best things to do. This way, life will be good, because a person would not have to worry about what was going to happen. An illuminated person would just be able to live a life in peace, and during a time in which our world is in chaos, living a life of peace would be a great thing. 5.Most people in the United States are not even-tempered in success and failure. Many people are just worried about succeeding in life that if they don’t, they get angry. And with teens, it’s all drama. I don’t know how so much drama can happen in a teen’s life, but I guess it does. So, Americans really aren’t even-tempered in success and failure. Research Papers on Jack And The Beanstalk to Animal Farm - EnglishThe Hockey GamePersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyHip-Hop is ArtCapital PunishmentGenetic EngineeringThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationLifes What IfsHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceUnreasonable Searches and Seizures

Taking Up Arms Against Slavery by John Brown Essay

Taking Up Arms Against Slavery by John Brown - Essay Example ality and exclusion from the political system there may sometimes be no other way to change things. I believe that modern observers would agree with John Brown’s message if he meant the blood of soldiers, but disagree if the blood of civilians was involved. One of the major influences that would affect a modern observer’s view on whether blood should or should not be spent in a political cause is terrorism. The world changed on September 11, 2001, when a group of terrorists who saw themselves as freedom fighters trying to strike a blow against a country that was, in their views, making the world a less holy place, crashed two planes into the Twin Towers and killed thousands of people who were civilians that were, as much as one could be, completely disassociated with Western-Arab conflict. Since then suicide tactics have risen to prominence as a tool for radical Islamists everywhere, much to the distaste of observers everywhere else, who now find knowing killing oneâ₠¬â„¢s self to kill others despicable. This Event also brought into the American mind how truly awful it is when civilians are killed in conflict, which is an inevitable consequence of most wars, which has led to massive discontent in America and around the rest of the world when Western governments take actions that could and do cause civilian casualties. This has led those countries to develop new technologies and completely change the way they conduct warfare to reduce civilian casualties. This, coupled with a largely negative view of the decade long war in Iraq, means that people today tend to have a more negative view of warfare generally – they recognize better that in any war civilians will suffer and die, which usually just escalates a conflict, causing things to get worse. In this light, a modern observer would probably disagree with Brown’s words – they would say that people should find a way other than killing and being killed to achieve their ends. On the other hand, modern people do recognize that sometimes there may be no other way to change an unjust political system than through violence, and sometimes people who are unwilling to use violence will simply continue to be the victims of it, like what probably would have occurred in Libya had the population not armed themselves. The Arab Spring, as it is called, has been hailed as an amazing demonstration of a people’s willingness to fight for their freedom, even when the fight turns bloody, and indicates that modern people still can understand fighting and dying for a cause. There are several factors that help these uprisings overcome the reservations that people have about warfare that were outlined above. The first, and probably most important, is that the people were acting largely in self defense. They were an unarmed populace being brutalized by an armed body, and had to take up arms to defend themselves. The second is

Writing assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Writing - Assignment Example The variables used are time in years against the cars, either cars or light trucks. Further analysis is done on the effect of the car sales to fuel sales at the pump. A graph of fuel is drawn, showing the weekly retail price per gallon. The graph changes from week to week and is directly affected by the number as well as the type of the cars sold (The Wall Street Journal, Para 1). Figure 2.Source: Gold, WSJ research, Global oil glut send prices plunging, October 14, 2014. Gold, Russel. "Global Oil Glut Sends Prices Plunging." The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company, 14 Oct. 2014. Web. 27 Nov. 2014. . In the graph above, a graph is used to illustrate the changes of prices of oil in the different months. Numbers are used to represent the sales in million dollars against the months of the year, and that is from the beginning of June to the end of October (Gold para 1). The graph shows how the fall in the prices of oil affects the output. The low oil prices will serve as an incentive for producers, resulting in high production. Figure 3. Source: Source: Gold, WSJ research, Global oil glut send prices plunging, October 14, 2014. Gold, Russel. "Global Oil Glut Sends Prices Plunging." The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company, 14 Oct. 2014. Web. 27 Nov. 2014. . The graph above shows illustrates the sale petroleum by different oil companies. The sale is represented in percentages starting with the one having the highest percentage to the one with the lowest. This allows easy interpretation of the graph, from the complexity of large numbers involved (Gold para 3). Figure 4: Source: Madigan, Kathleen. "A New Way to Track the Ecnomy." WALL STREET JOURNAL. Dow Jones & Company, 26 Nov. 2014. Web. 26 Nov. 2014.

TeliaSon Era and Google (Competition Law) Dissertation

TeliaSon Era and Google (Competition Law) - Dissertation Example However, it can be agreed that attaining this desirable status, in which all stakeholders benefit optimally, is relatively challenging. Coupled with increased pressure from the market to make profits, most business persons have opted for satisfying their needs at the expense of the consumer. Furthermore, individual business entities have gone to great lengths to attain and maintain a competitive edge in the markets that they explore. In essence, they take measures that are geared towards enhancing their performance and outperforming their counterparts. They have adopted malpractices such as collusive price fixing, predatory pricing, tie-up sale, discriminatory pricing and creating barriers to market entry amongst others. These trends have had adverse effects on both the consumers and other business persons in the market. To address these, regulatory policies have been put in place. Perhaps one that has been more effective in addressing the preceding concern is competition policy. Com petition policy constitutes a set of measures adopted by the government which direct the behavior of the businesses as well as the structure of the entire business industry. Their main aim is to maximize the welfare of the affected stakeholders and promote effective and efficient performance. They provide useful insights regarding how business entities and individuals can explore the market and enhance healthy competition. Further, they offer guidelines regarding how to prevent anti competitive practices that hurt the industry and undermine sustainable growth and development. At this point, it cannot be disputed that unfair competitive practices promote aggression that has detrimental effects on the performance of businesses. In... As globalization trends continue to grow complex and intricate, firms are increasingly being compelled to adopt approaches and practices that can enable them to attain and maintain a competitive edge in the market. This has prompted them to in some instances adopt practices that have harmful effects on their competitors as well to the consumer base. Monopolistic firms have particularly been affected the most because of their influence in the market. Coupled with their ability to make critical decisions regarding the products and services that they provide, the inherent power has made them to make decisions that have negative effects on their respective industries. Legal provisions have been established on a national, regional and international scale to guide their behavior in this regard. This ensures that the decisions that they make do not affect the functioning of the market and the general wellbeing of the market. Competition law has particularly been imperative in ensuring that this behavior or that their practices are economically viable. One of the tendencies that have been noted in the market pertains to violation of the competition law through margin squeeze.

A Study of Building Obsolescence in Standard Design

A Study of Building Obsolescence in Standard Design Abstract Once the building is obsolete cause by the defect of varying physical deterioration an ageing of various component and building of various age. The primary objective of this dissertation is to find out life cycle of building element and obsolescence and the effect for the building obsolescence. The definition and differentiation between obsolescence and depreciation, as well as explanation for all different types of obsolescence are being identified on the early stage of the dissertation. A survey is then conducted, few case studies are being conducted to collect information from double storey terrace housing tenants in order to achieve the targeted objective. During the survey, some difficulties are being encountered, such as time constraint and restrict of the obsolescence building have been over cycle life 30 years olds. The findings of the dissertation show that part of the hypothesis, which was set at the early stage is wrong. Not all types of obsolescence will cause depreciation of rental in office building. Legal obsolescence will not cause the renewal building and effect the service life of the building. At the end of the dissertation, recommendation will be made base on the research throughout this dissertation. It should be noted that the results from this survey are not perfectly reliable. However, it is hope that it can be a guideline to those who wish to carry out comprehensive or further research on building obsolescence. A STUDY OF BUILDING OBSOLESCENCE IN STANDARD DESIGN TERRACE HOUSES IN PERAK Chapter 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter is the introduction of the dissertation. It will define the background of the study. Aim and objectives of the research will be listed to give a clear understanding on the purpose of this dissertation. Besides, hypothesis is also stated to tell the reader what are the key questions being examined. Scope of study will be deliberated in this chapter too. It is to discuss on the coverage of this research. Research methodology will also be covered in this chapter to describe the method used to achieve the aim and objectives, as well as the way used to produce this dissertation. Case study, interview and questionnaire will be the main methodology of this research. The last part of the chapter will be the research structure, where it shows the layout of the chapter of the dissertation. 1.2 RATIONALE The initial idea of this topic is developed during my visit to my aunts work place. Renovation of her office building is carried out at that moment. The reason for the renovation work, which she told me, was to make the building attractive again, so that, the look of the building would not be out of date. Therefore, it gave me an idea to do a research on building obsolescence. Discussion with my colleagues and supervisor was carried out to narrow down the scope of this topic. Besides, many reading and thinking were done to decide what emphasis of my research is to be. Finally, the narrowed topic was found. As I have found out, obsolescence has been a persistent problem affecting houses property in recent years. Due to the impact of obsolescence, many houses have been renewal and redeveloped after only 20 to 30 years life, long before reaching the end of their physical life. Many houses in the future are likely to enjoy even shorter useful lives as a result of increased rates of obsolescence. Obsolescence occurs due to physical deterioration, wear and tear, technological advances, changes in the economic conditions users requirements, design, appearance, taste, legal, and social needs. Once the building is obsolete cause by the defect of varying physical deterioration an ageing of various component and building of various age. The research is undertaken to find out life cycle of building element and obsolescence and the effect for the building obsolescence. Hence, my research will discuss this issue in greater depth and goes on to consider different types of obsolescence. By doing so, I wish that the results from this research will help me to understand the defect of component of material cause the obsolescence building. Such results may also help me in future to know on the prevent ways to treat the obsolescence in building. 1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVE Aim To investigate varying physical deterioration an ageing of various component and building of varies age. Objective: 1. To investigate the life cycle of building element and obsolescence. 2. To investigate the effect for the building obsolescence. 3. To explain strategy for avoiding and minimizing the obsolescence in building. 1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT Different project types have in themselves different project life cycle, which in turn influence the life expectancy of their various component. Different elements of building also have different stage obsolescence, Users or owners may change and have requirements different from those the element was initially intended to fulfill. Many of the technologies of modern facilities, as well as the activities they shelter and support to minimizing obsolescence, have changed substantially in recent decades and are continuing to change. 1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY The problem of obsolescence is hardly new so need find the board expertise and extensive experience to get the more information for this dissertation. We should be concerned that in an age of rapidly changing technology our buildings are apt to be obsolete. These building might have been built 35 years ago so we will investigate varying physical deterioration of ageing. These changes in technology are not only inevitable; in the long term they are desirable because the new systems and services offer enhanced performance to the facilities, users and owners. However, in the short term, obsolescence can be costly. Thoughtful design and management can defer or avoid obsolescence and thereby improve efficiency as well as effectiveness of our facilities, and that is the ultimate aim of this dissertation. 1.6 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Various research studies relating to building obsolescence in standard design houses in Perak had been carried out in many ways:- Literature review Case Study and Questionnaires Interview 1.6.1 Literature review iterature research is very important to get the information in order to do the theoretical of this dissertation. Reading courses such as books, magazines, reference, articles, newspapers, journals and publication are some of very useful sources to get the data required for the dissertation. The sources can be reached by visiting the National Library, KTAR Library or bookshop in town. Internet advertising is very convenience to use especially for this dissertation, since it related to the internet itself and quite new. By logging onto the internet, website of the internet advertising of the property developer can visited and can get more ideal way of literature research sources. These normally gather from newspapers, journals and publications. Publication: 1. Revision Notes on Building Maintenance and Adaptation, Butterworth (1984), George.T.Hall. 2. Depreciation, Obsolescence and Ageing, (1965), Cowan,P. 3. The Fourth Dimension In building : Strategies for Minimizing Obsolescence.(1993), Donald G. Iselin and Andrew C. Lemer. 1.6.2 Case Study This stage will survey some standard design double storey houses located at Perak. Some houses was built in between the years 1970s and 1990s. Some properties also included building extension for large families, adaptations for the disable, reorganization of space, re-roofing that was present in some of the properties. The renewal internal for these properties was therefore about 20 years. This is a typical time scale for houses and it linked to the condition of properties, available funding, obsolescence, and the need to provide adequate houses in a community. A STUDY OF BUILDING OBSOLESCENCE IN STANDARD DESIGN TERRACE HOUSES IN PERAK Chapter 2 2.1 INTRODUCTION Over the past half of century, our country has been increasing the processes of ageing and obsolescence in building. An observation of buildings in any town will expose an array standards of physical ageing and condition. Many of the buildings are also being used for a purpose which they not original design that one form of obsolescence has affected them. Today, the demand for new building already diminished that many town have become derelict and need some form of urban regeneration. However, such of the regeneration is more likely from renewal and modernization through the development of greenfield sites. Many traditional structures have lower failure rates and costs less to maintain than some of the newer forms of the building. With the increasing level of affluence, standards in buildings, life styles demand to improve quality, space and other. This leads to both the desire for new building and to the renewal of existing structure. More of the renewal of the building is cause by the obsolescence building that failure the structure and the physical. There is considerable degree of confusion surrounding the definition of obsolescence. These two terms are usually without precision. A detail study on the definition of obsolescence is carried out in this chapter to make a clear understanding on building obsolescence. There are two impacts of the obsolescence on a building named are curable obsolescence and incurable obsolescence. Reflection of them will be given separately in this chapter. Obsolescence itself can be divided into different categories. As this dissertation is undertaken to find out which types of obsolescence, it is necessary to understand the definition and differences of each type of obsolescence. Hence, the chapter will also go on to define different types of obsolescence. Hopefully by doing this can provide a guidance to differentiate each type of obsolescence and eliminate the misconception of different types of obsolescence. These changes are related to the uses of a building or certain spaces within the building are expected to serve (i.e., functional); the cost of continuing to use an existing building, subsystem, or component in comparison with the expense of substituting some alternative (economic); the efficiency and service accessible by the existing installed technology compared with new and improved alternatives (technological); or the broad influence of changing social goals, political agendas, or changing lifestyles. 2.2 DEFINITION OF Obsolescence Obsolescence is not depreciation. Both of them are two different terms. However, they are related. Depreciation is an accounting terms and have a formal definition of depreciation, drafted by the Accounting Standard Committee (1987), is: Depreciation is the measure of the wearing out, consumption, or other reduction in the useful economic life of a fixed asset whether arising from use, afflation of time or obsolescence through technological or market changes. This definition is comprehensive and clearly stated what is the depreciation. Besides, the reader can understand the differentiation between the depreciation and obsolescence. Base on this definition, reader can understand the depreciation is a loss in the existing use value of the property and it occurs as the result of the building becoming obsolete. This implies that obsolescence is the cause of the building and depreciation is the effect of the obsolescence. Obsolescence was defined differently by many studies in North America and the United Kingdom. In the United Kingdom, according to Baxter (1971) defined obsolescence as a decline in utility not directly related to physical usage or the passage of time. This definition is not quite correct because the author does not consider physical deterioration as part of obsolescence. In accounting work, obsolescence is separated from physical deterioration. However, based on the original definition given by the Oxford dictionary, obsolescence includes physical deterioration: The word obsolete derives from the Latin obsoleo, which was in use from the middle of the sixteenth century with the following meaning, which is no longer practiced or used; discarded; worn out; effaced through wearing down, atrophy, degeneration. The other aspect that can cause confusion is whether the obsolescence is defined as a decline in the utility of the building as defined by Baxter (1971) or a loss of utility introduced by Flanagan et al. (1989). Both the definitions are correct because both decline and loss of utility are affecting the rental price of a building and therefore, shall be included in the definition. To clarify, obsolescence is the process of becoming antiquated, old fashioned, outmoded, or out-of-date. It describes a decline in utility that not result directly from physical usage, the action of the elements or the passage of time (Baum, 1991). According to Nutt et al (1976), the buildings can only truly be defined as obsolete when they have become completely useless with respect to all possible uses that they have been called upon to support. Utility the sense of use fullness, desirability or satisfaction is therefore central to the concept of obsolescence; if something is not felt to be providing utility, it will be considered obsolete (Smith et al.1998). However, because there is no single measure of utility it is difficult to produce a rational, consistent and objective measure of obsolescence (Raftery, 1991). To overcome this problem, obsolescence in buildings is normally measured in terms of the real or nominal decrease in value (Salway, 1986). Obsolescence also related to decay of tangible and intangible things that all products have an irresistible tendency to become old, but the speed of ageing is different for different objects and circumstances. Obsolescence is much more difficult to control since concerned with the prediction of charges in fashion, technological development, innovation in the design and the use of buildings. Obsolescence occurs due to physical deterioration, wear and tear, technological advances, changes in the economic conditions and user requirement. The design, appearance, taste, legal, and social needs will also have an impact to the building. The impact of obsolescence on a building can be classified into curable obsolescence and incurable obsolescence. Curable obsolescence is one that can be control by the building owner through choice the construction materials, preserve high standards of maintenance and refurbishment. But, it can only manage to a certain extent. The factors into the curable obsolescence are including: a. Construction faults b. Level of deterioration c. Poor level and standard of services Normally, curable obsolescence can be easily counteracted by means of maintenance or repair. Incurable obsolescence being the results of inappropriate changes is less easily controlled by the building owner. The most that can be done is to incorporate flexibility into the design of a building to make alterations and adaptations easier in the future. The treatment of incurable impact of obsolescence requires the introduction of new characteristic into a building, which may not be similar with the existing structure. 2.3 CATEGORISATION OF BUILDING OBSOLESCENCE Previous studies categorized obsolescence into physical obsolescence (Winfrey, 1931; Little 1964); functional and locational obsolescence (Cowan, 1965; Medhurst, 1969); environmental obsolescence (Medhurst, 1969); economic obsolescence (Seymour, 1982); aesthetic, legal, and social obsolescence (CALUS, 1986; Baum 1989). The above studies considered technological and functional obsolescence as one category. However, at later stage, CALUS (1986), as well as Duffy and Henny (1988) suggested that technological and functional obsolescence should be separately categorized because of the differences in the impact on buildings. Suggestions from them are correct. Technological obsolescence should be considered as one of the major causes of obsolescence because of its important. A building that is functionally obsolete has to be demolished to obtain a better return from the site. However, it does not necessarily apply to a building that is technologically obsolete. For example, a lift has become technologically obsolete, but it does not render the function of the building obsolete. Therefore, the building will still be retained but the lift might be replaced. Based on the above, obsolescence therefore, categorized as: Economic Obsolescence; Functional Obsolescence; Aesthetic Obsolescence; Environmental Obsolescence; Legal and social Obsolescence; Technological Obsolescence; Locational Obsolescence; Physical Obsolescence. 2.3.1Economic Obsolescence Economic obsolescence seems to control the durability of real estate, whether residential, commercial or industrial. CALUS (1986) suggested that a building might become economically obsolete following a change in the highest and best use for the land. This might result either from a change in the market condition or in planning policies. Rand came out with another suggestion saying that besides changes in market condition and planning policies, a change in the national economy can also cause the land to appreciate over and above the normal increase in cost. Compare both the suggestions; CALUSs suggestion is poorer. He has neglected national economy as one of the reason that causes economic obsolescence. National economy must be one of the concerns as it has great effect to the land value. Once there is a change in the national economy, the land value will be affected. According to Salway (1986), Economic Obsolescence is considered to be the result of a change in the highest and best use for the land. Such a change could be related to specific site or more generally to the surrounding area. Economic obsolescence is a function of appreciation rather than depreciation: a building becomes economically obsolete not as a result of the existing structure, but through enhancement of the development potential of the underlying land. The building value decreases over time due to obsolescence. The building can become obsolete if the land value exceeds the capital value of the building faster than its expected physical life. On this occasion, replacement of the existing building becomes economically attractive, as better return from the asset can be generated. For instance, the land value in a particular area drops due to relocation of the central business zone to another area. New development having advantage of cheaper land cost will be more competitive and attractive to the tenants and will cause the rental for the existing buildings to decline. Economic obsolescence is incurable and difficult to predict due to lack of information on the future development and confidentiality of government policies. 2.3.2Functional Obsolescence Functional obsolescence is a product of technological progress resulting either in change in the occupiers requirements or in the introduction of new building products: A building may be considered functionally obsolete due to its defective layout (e.g., inadequate floor to ceiling heights and close-spaced structural columns); A building may become functionally inefficient because its inflexibility to accommodate new information technology (e.g., no raised floor for distribution of cables). CALUS (1986) suggested that functional obsolescence is the loss of value of the subject facility resulting from a deficiency (other than physical deterioration) that impairs the subject when compared to a replacement facility. Functional obsolescence is mainly incurable, which can shorten the economic life of a building (Rand, 1986). Baum (1991) considered Functional Obsolescence as the product of technological progress that causes changes in the occupies requirements, impinging on the layout and facilities and also felt that legal and social obsolescence should be regarded as sub-sets of Functional Obsolescence. 2.3.3 Aesthetic Obsolescence Buildings may deem unacceptable by occupiers if the appearance is outdated and incompatible with their corporate image. Either fashion in architectural style may have changed or, alternatively the building may simply look old and fail to satisfy an inspiration to be associated with up-to-date products. The improved appearance of a building could result in more satisfied employees and the higher standing of the firm and its services or products. CALUS (1986) suggested that fashion permeates all facets of life including architectural experience. Whatever the long-term view of posterity about a particular architectural style, it will invariably fall out of favor in the medium term. The changes in fashion will provide an adverse reaction against styles, which characterized the immediately proceeding era. Architectural style cannot be defined precisely. It is best described as a State of the Art of the building design, which is characterized by fashion, vogue, available technology, and personal taste. The introduction of a new architectural style can in some cases, cause buildings with an old design to appear old fashioned and less attractive to potential purchasers or lessees. Buildings with a distinctive design appeal are more likely to have lasting appeal and to be less affected by changes in architectural style. The effect of aesthetic obsolescence is greater in commercial buildings because the buildings with new architectural styles can fetch higher rental values. The decline in the revenue of old buildings requires the buildings to be refurbished to make them attractive and competitive again. 2.3.4 Environmental Obsolescence Medhurst (1969) suggested that environmental obsolescence of a whole neighborhood may occur when the conditions in a neighborhood render it increasingly unfit for its current use. Changes in the character of an area may make a building unsuitable for its original intended use. Environmental obsolescence will normally be of greater relevance to depreciation of land than to the depreciation of buildings. Environmental change such as high pollution, road congestion and urban decay causes environmental obsolescence. For example, an office building may suddenly become obsolete when the adjacent site is used for industrial use. Disturbances from factory engines and air pollution will deter tenants from staying and the building revenue will start to decline. The need for a change in the infrastructure of an area can also cause a building to be environmentally obsolete. For example, the area needs more car parking, pedestrian areas, efficient public transport and roads. This type of obsolescence is not directly related to building design and difficult to forecast. 2.3.5 Legal And Social Obsolescence egal obsolescence stems from the introduction of new legislation or new standards controlling matters such as health, safety, and fire control, which in extreme cases may render a building obsolete. CALUS (1986) and Baum (1989) suggested that changes in social needs might result in occupiers demanding for high and compatible image, good neighborhood and amenities. For instance, cinema in an area loss its utility due to introduction of home videos, VCD or DVD. So, cinema become uneconomic to operate because loses of revenue. The only way is to convert the cinema to other uses. Many building become social obsolete although suitable for the purpose envisaged, because it is situated in the wrong location and therefore of only limited practical to use. egal Obsolescence occurs where a building fails to meet current legislation requirement and the costs involved in bringing the building up to the required standard are prohibitive. In this case, legislation will advance demolition beyond the buildings physical life. Examples, asbestos and other hazardous materials to health are now prohibited in new buildings and where they occur in existing building they need to be either removed or provided with sealed protection systems. The general condition of a building may in some cases make this financially prohibitive, even where grants for their removal are available, resulting in demolition. A STUDY OF BUILDING OBSOLESCENCE IN STANDARD DESIGN TERRACE HOUSES IN PERAK Chapter 2 2.3.6 Technological Obsolescence A Technological Obsolescence occur when the building in no longer technologically superior to alternatives and replacement is undertaken because of lower operating costs or greater efficiency. A building may become technologically obsolete before half of its physical life passed then the speed of change in current society suggests that in the future this life will be reduced even faster. CALUS (1986) suggested that this form of obsolescence occurs as a result of technological innovation. For example, some of the existing electrical and mechanical services are no longer technologically suitable or superior in terms of performance or efficiency. Consider for example, improvement in the lighting efficiency of a new lamp, which may make an existing lighting system no longer economically or technologically effective. In some situations, as with building management systems, it may be possible to install these innovations, without replacing the existing asset. 2.3.7 Locational Obsolescence ocational obsolescence occur when an area and the property located in it suffers from devaluation because it is considered less fashionable or attractive by occupiers (Bryson,1997). A building can become locationally obsolete when the economic activities in the area change (Medhurst, 1969). A change in the city planning, such as relocation of the commercial area and construction of new roads and motorways can change the economic activities of the affected areas. 2.3.8 Physical Obsolescence ittle (1964) suggested that physical obsolescence occurs solely due to the deterioration of the buildings physical fabric. This suggestion is not correct because he stressed only deterioration of buildings physical fabric causes physical obsolescence. The readers may think that no other factors will cause physical obsolescence except for the deterioration of physical fabric. Actually, components of the building can be considered as one of the physical aspect of the building. Hence, if there is any deterioration of the buildings component, the building is considered physically obsolete too. Therefore, Winfrey (1931) said that physical obsolescence not only due to the deterioration of the physical fabric but also the other components such as mechanical and electrical services and equipment used in the building. However, both the definitions have not mentioned what are the factors that cause deterioration of buildings physical fabric, materials or components. Then, CALUS (1986) came out with the suggestion saying that an asset may remain as good as ever in itself, but be rendered obsolete by external factors such as physical deterioration. Physical deterioration is defined as deterioration of the physical fabric of building as function of use and the effect of the passage of time. It is felt that the separation of physical deterioration from obsolescence is not significant, and it is considered as a category of building obsolescence. Flanagan et al. (1989) supported this view by saying that physical deterioration was considered as physical obsolescence. This is because they have similar effects, which can cause the rental price of a building to decrease and its economic life shorten. Flanagan et al. (1989) came out the statement stated that physical obsolescence is determined by environmental and non-environmental factors. Any material or component will deteriorate because of environmental factors such as radiation (solar and thermal), temperature ranges, water (rain, condensation, snow, ice), air contamination, biological factors (micro-organisms, fungi, bacteria) and stress factors (physical action of wind, hail). The non-environmental factors are generally the stresses that are imposed by humans in their various activities of living, working and playing. Examples are permanent loading, fatigue loading, impact, abrasion, chemical attack, normal wear and tear, and abuse by the user. The rate of physical deterioration can be forecast within tolerable levels of accuracy using the lives of the respective building components. However, it must be remembered that considered variation exists in the lives of even the same building component depending upon a wide range of the different circumstances (Ashworth,1996). Kirwan and Martin (1972) suggested that this physical deterioration occurs as the deterioration of the physical structure of the building. It is not simply a factor of age but a combination of age, use and scale of maintenance. Physical deterioration occurs more slowly than other forms of obsolescence, but it is predictable and curable provided the building is well maintained. Baums (1989) showed that physical obsolescence is not as significant as functional and aesthetic obsolescence. The rapid deterioration of buildings and their components can be attributes to many different causes: An emphasis upon initial building costs without considering the consequences of costs in use. Inappropriate design and detailing of buildings and their components. Use if materials and components that have insufficient data concerning their longevity. Constructional practices on site that were poorly managed, supervised and inspected. A lack of understanding of the various mechanisms of deterioration. Insufficient attention given to the maintenance the building stock. Inappropriate use by owners and occupies. Whereas the rate of physical deterioration, can be controlled by the designer through the correct choice of material, methods of construction and appropriate standards of maintenance, obsolescence cannot, other than through the ability to provide a flexible and adaptable design solution to facilitate easier adaptation and renewal at same later date. 2.4 SUMMARY After the study, I clear understanding is developed on depreciation and obsolescence as well as different types of obsolescence. There will be no confusion and misconception surrounding them. Depreciation occurs as the result of the building becoming obsolete. Hence, depreciation is considered as the effect of obsolescence and obsolescence is the cause of depreciation. The impact of obsolescence is classified into curable and incurable. Incurable obsolescence is more crucial than curable obsolescence as it is more difficult to control. It can immediately shorten the physical life of the building. Besides that, I also can understanding the 8 categorizes of obsolescence in this chapter. The categorizes of obsolescence economic, functional, aesthetic and fashion, environmental, legal and social, technological, locational and lastly physical obsolescence. Through the study, it was found that there are no best and perfect suggestions or opinions in the concept of obsolescence. Especially during defining different types of obsolescence, different authors have their own suggest

Tradition and Customs in So Long A Letter by Mariama Ba Essay -- Paper

Tradition and Customs in So Long A Letter by Mariama Ba Tradition and customs very often hold an important position in ones life and culture. The novel So Long A Letter, by Mariama Ba, is based on the Senegalese culture and shows how important tradition is in Africa. The novel is a series of letters written by a recently widowed woman, Ramatoulaye, to her best friend Aissatou. The transition through the many grieving stages and traditional mourning events are explained, as well as a woman?s place in a Senegalese society and family. According to Muslim tradition, which was the dominant tradition in Senegal, when Ramatoulaye?s husband, Modou, passed away, she had to mourn over her loss for three months. During this time, friends and family members gathered in her house to accompany her. One of the traditions, which she wasn?t too fond of, was having to give up her possessions and belongings as gifts to her in-laws, as well as her deceased husband?s personal secrets. This whole process was a way of giving up herself as a person. ?Beyond her possessions she gives up her ...

Major Parts of Corporate Entrepreneurship.

* 4 major parts of corporate entrepreneurship. 1-New business venturing ( corporate venturing) Corporate venturing refers to the creation of a new business within an existing organization. Business dictionary defined corporate venturing as the practice where a large firm takes an equity stake in a small but innovative or specialist firm, to which it may also provide management and marketing expertise. Specifically, corporate venturing emphasized an internal capital resources, proprietary knowledge, and marketing expertise.The concept of corporate venturing has existed for many years in the US where many of the top companies have a venture capital fund or offer strategic alliances. While the number of companies involved is much smaller in this country, it has existed for many years and in many sectors. Traditionally corporate venturing has appealed to high-growth sectors such as pharmaceutical or technology companies. 2. Innovativeness It’s product and service innovation, with emphasis on development and innovation in technology.The innovation of product and services are crucially important to every economy. Innovation and new business development can be initiated by independent individuals or by existing enterprises. Corporate entrepreneurship is ever more considered as a valuable instrument for revitalizing existing companies. It is brought into practice as a tool for business development, revenue growth, and profitability enhancement for pioneering the development of new product, services and processes. 3. Self-renewalIt’s transformation through renewal of key ideas on which an organization is built. Self-renewal has strategic and organizational change implications and includes the redefinition of business concept, reorganization, and the introduction of system-wide changes for innovation. Self-renewal is entrepreneurial because it involves entrepreneurial efforts that result in significant changes to an organization’s business or corpora te level strategy. 4Proactiveness This term includes initiative, risk taking, competitive aggressiveness, and boldness.It attempts to lead rather than follow competitors. A proactive firm is inclined to take risk through experimentation. Some opinion conceives of proactiveness as a continuous search for market opportunities and experimentation with potential responses to changing environmental trend. Entrepreneurial proactiveness depends on the attractiveness of an opportunity and ability of the firm to grasp once it is perceived. Organizational performance depends on entrepreneurial proactiveness if there is uniqueness in the creation of new product from the available resource

Human Clone Ethics essays

Human Clone Ethics essays Most people think they know what cloning is. They would define it, probably, as taking a piece of one plant or animal and using it to make another just like it. In fact, Brannigan points out that the term "clone" was very likely first used in botany to describe the process of budding. (12) He also notes that Webster's digital dictionary explains that the word is from the Greek kion, which means "twig." Current uses of the term include scientifically oriented ones; scientists use the term to describe asexual reproduction of an identical copy of an organism, and is something that happens naturally in bacteria, algae, plants and yeast. In addition, it is the method by which the human body grows and repairs itself, although higher life forms gave it up as a reproductive method 500 million years ago, leaving it to only those primitive organism mentioned. (Brannigan, 12) Considering that "cloning" is a natural activity taking place in our bodies every daywhen we get a cut, grow some hair and so onand has been a factor of reproduction for a minimum of 501 million years, why is there a debate at all' If it is a natural process, why shouldn't humans have the Within the question lies part of the impetus for the debate. Cloning as debated by clergy, philosophers, and politicians is not natural but rather the result of interference and manipulation by scientists. To scientists, who see it as simply part of their job, there is no debate about doing it, although there is some about how far it should go. The following investigation will set forth some of the main arguments of the major professional stakeholders, that is, scientists, clergy, philosophers and politicians (who may or may not represent popular opinion). But first, there are some scientific realities, beyond the simple definition of the word, that bear examina...

Outfoxed essays

Outfoxed essays In the film Outfoxed, Robert Greenwald tries to portray FOX as a consrvativly biased network. In doing so, Mr. Greenwald himself made a film completely favoring liberalism. Mr. Greenwald attempts to portray the FOX Network and its owner, Rupert Murdoch, as friends to the Republicans. However, in my opinion, all Mr. Greenwald does is show how liberal he is himself and leads me to believe that his film, like Farenheit 9-11, was simply made to slander the Bush administration. Mr. Greenwald does have a lot of evidence to back up his claims. He uses the interview of a smartass, disrespectful kid with Bill OReily as proof, as well as Mr. OReilys debates, that Bill is a die hard right winger. He uses disgruntled ex-employees testimony as proof that FOX is biased behind the scenes. He also employs memos to anchors as proof, showing that the desire of the network to put emphasis on certain topics makes them a one sided unbalanced network. Who is Mr. Greenwald to decide what is Fair and Balanced when he himself makes an extremist left wing film? Nobody, that is who. The only facts he has are the hersay of ex employees and documents as believeible as those used by CBS recently. In my opinion, the bias he is trying to show on FOX is only cancelled out by his own bias. Mr. Greenwald has made a number of films portraying his political views as facts. Mr. Greenwald never worked a day for FOX, so how can he possibly know for certain that what he was told is true? I am also willing to put money on it that he never served a day in the military so how credible are his Uncovered truths about the war with Iraq? Everyone is entitled to their own opinion but I find it hard to believe that someone is biased based on an equally bias film. And who in their right mind would put their faith in the guy that made X ...

Chapter 4 and 5 Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Chapter 4 and 5 - Research Proposal Example ive behavior in students, the climate within which both educational failure and negative behavior emerges and the relationship between the educational climate and education- based prevention and intervention programming. There are many reasons in the surrounding environment of the education as well as in the students’ life that emerge as a cause of failure in the educational performance and gives rise to negative behavior. The risk associated with the high school students basically comprise those who have low performance and are drop outs, they due to such factors tend to develop negative behavior. It depends upon the educational system to identify such students and develop program to change them (Wormer, 2006). The students who are dependent upon the single mother’s income for the education purpose tend to develop negative behavior due to low level of income and lesser affordability to get educated. It is the climatic condition that is present in the lives of the student which gives birth to negative behavior and causes low performance resulting to educational failure. The relationship shows a positive link between the two. The academic climatic condition is responsible as well as the students environment is also responsible for such state. But with the education- based prevention and intervention programming it can be minimized and the performance may increase as well as the students’ negativity may turn into positivity in terms of behavior. (McKinney, n.d). The social support, family cohesion, personality and sources of income of the single mother impact the behavior (either positively or negatively) of the children. The income level brings the change in the attitude along with the impact of social support from the mother, mother’s attitude, and personality traits. The low level of income is the risk factor which that can lead to the negative outcomes in the behavior and performance of the student. It is not only the factor that causes low

Movie Gattaca Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Gattaca - Movie Review Example to second-class citizen status and find that they cannot reach their goals, and their dreams severely impeded because society just cannot tolerate them and will obstruct their every hope and aspiration. They also suffer psychologically and emotionally because society not only treats them as pariahs but look at them as pitiful and scornful creatures. But this society itself is grossly myopic because it fails to see defect such as President Franklin Delano Roosevelt who suffered polio and yet campaigned and won the presidency or heptathlete Jackie Joyner Kersee who was asthmatic and yet ruled them all in Olympic heptathlon and the long jump for decades. The list is long and includes Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, Albert Einstein, Helen Keller. The list goes on and on and probably include our own ancestors who shone and stood out despite physical limitations stressing the point that the most valuable thing is not what is evident to the eyes. MOVIE SYNOPSIS It is in the above backdrop that Vincent (Ethan Hawke), who was born In-Valid, meaning that because of poverty his parents could not afford to allow the foetal Vincent to undergo pre-implantation genetic diagnosis and DNA selection and thus be genetically engineered with superlative traits from both mother and father, was caught in a trying situation. As such, Vincent cannot qualify for professional jobs such as being an astronaut, which he dearly desired but had to content himself with menial jobs such as the cleaning job at Gattaca Aerospace Corporation, the NASA type of the future era. Unlike his brother Anton, who has the whole world in front of him, Vincent found out that because society practically shut the door in front of him, he had to work double time- learning, working and dreaming to remove the barriers placed before him. Instead of resigning himself to his fate, he saved money, led a frugal life while scavenging